Vanguard S&P 500 Index ETF

The ticker symbol is VFV for this ETF. It holds 500 largest stocks in the United States. Examples include Microsoft, Google, Visa, Disney and Walmart. The ETF's management fee is 0.08%.

Vanguard FTSE Developed All Cap ex U.S. Index ETF

The ticker symbol is VDU for this ETF. It holds 4,000 developed market stocks worldwide (except US). Examples include RBC, Nestle, Adidas, Samsung and Toyota. The ETF's management fee is 0.20%.

Vanguard Canadian Aggregate Bond Index ETF

The ticker symbol is VAB for this ETF. It holds 1,000 safest corporate and government bonds in Canada. Examples include federal, provincial and municipal bonds. The ETF's management fee is 0.08%.

Best Portfolio Performance

Our ETF portfolio has outperformed the Government Pension Investment Fund (GPIF). This fund is considered the world's best investment portfolio in terms of its size. Globally it holds over $2 trillion in stocks, bonds, real estate, private equity, venture capital, leveraged buyouts, private debt, and infrastructure. The table below compares the historical returns of our ETF portfolio with GPIF.

Annual Returns	4 Yr	7 Yr	9 Yr
Our ETF Portfolio	7.7%	8.2%	9.4%
GPIF Portfolio	6.5%	5.7%	6.5%

(as of 2021-03-31)

Buy Developed Market Stocks

Our ETF portfolio holds developed market stocks because their returns are significantly higher and more stable than emerging market stocks. The table below compares the historical returns of these two stock indexes. Together they cover the entire global stock market.

FTSE Developed All Cap Index
= developed market stocks

FTSE Emerging All Cap Index
= emerging market stocks

Annual Returns	4 Yr	7 Yr	9 Yr
FTSE Developed All Cap Index	12.6%	12.5%	13.0%
FTSE Emerging All Cap Index	6.9%	7.3%	7.8%

(as of 2021-09-30)

Buy ETFs that are not CAD-Hedged

Our ETF portfolio holds ETFs that are not CAD-Hedged because their returns are significantly higher and more stable than ETFs that are CAD-Hedged. The table below compares the historical returns of developed market stocks.

FTSE Developed All Cap Index
= developed market stocks

Annual Returns	4 Yr	7 Yr	9 Yr
FTSE Developed All Cap Index (not CAD-Hedged)	12.6%	12.5%	13.0%
FTSE Developed All Cap Index (CAD-Hedged)	12.2%	11.1%	13.0%

(as of 2021-09-30)

Buy Canadian Bonds

Our ETF portfolio holds Canadian bonds because their returns are higher and more stable than U.S. bonds. The table below compares the historical returns of these two bond indexes, which cover the entire investment-grade bond market in both countries.

Bloomberg Canada Aggregate Index
= Canadian bonds

Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Index
= U.S. bonds

Annual Returns	4 Yr	7 Yr	8 Yr
Bloomberg Canada Aggregate Index	3.6%	3.2%	3.6%
Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Index	3.3%	3.1%	3.3%

(as of 2021-09-30)

Hold 60% Stocks and 40% Bonds

Our ETF portfolio holds 60% stocks and 40% bonds because the returns are significantly more stable over the long-term. This was especially true during the 2008 global financial crisis. The table below compares the yearly returns of a balanced portfolio and a stock portfolio during that volatile period.

Balanced Portfolio
= 60% stocks and 40% bonds

Stock Portfolio
= 100% stocks and 0% bonds

2007 to 2010 Cumulative Return
Balanced Portfolio: +11.4%
Stock Portfolio: –3.6%

Returns	2007	2008	2009	2010
Balanced Portfolio	6.8%	–22.0%	21.0%	10.4%
Stock Portfolio	9.1%	–40.7%	31.6%	13.1%

Balanced Portfolio = 30% VFV, 30% VDU, 40% VAB.
Stock Portfolio = 50% VFV, 50% VDU.

Place Half of Stocks into S&P 500

Our ETF portfolio places half of its stocks into the S&P 500 Index, which covers the U.S. market. This is because U.S. stocks make up half of the global stock market in terms of total market value. The table below compares the size of the markets in Canada, U.S., Europe, and Asia.

Stock Market	Canada	U.S.	Europe	Asia
Total Value (U.S. dollars)	$2.0 trillion	$38.6 ​trillion	$11.6 trillion	$14.5 trillion
Global Percent	3%	56%	17%	21%

(as of 2020-12-31)

Buy Vanguard ETFs

Our ETF portfolio holds Vanguard ETFs because they have the lowest expense. The table below compares the expense of similar ETFs from other providers. Any changes to their current management fees have been accounted for.

ETF expense = MER + TER
Management Expense Ratio (MER)
Trading Expense Ratio (TER)

	Expense
​U.S. Stocks
​Vanguard S&P 500 Index ETF​	0.08%
​BMO S&P 500 Index ETF​	0.09%
​iShares Core S&P 500 Index ETF​	0.10%
International Stocks
Vanguard FTSE Developed All Cap ex U.S. Index ETF	0.21%
iShares Core MSCI EAFE IMI Index ETF	0.23%
BMO MSCI EAFE Index ETF	0.27%
Canadian Bonds
Vanguard Canadian Aggregate Bond Index ETF	0.09%
BMO Aggregate Bond Index ETF	​0.09%
iShares Core Canadian Universe Bond Index ETF	​​0.10%

(as of 2021-09-30)

Self-Directed Investor's Guide

Part 1 - What is an ETF
Part 2 - How do ETFs work
Part 3 - Why Invest in ETFs
Part 4 - How to Buy ETFs
Part 5 - What are Stocks and Bonds
Part 6 - Best Mix of Stocks and Bonds
Part 7 - Best ETFs to Buy
Part 8 - Best Mix of ETFs
Part 9 - Balanced Portfolio Performance
Part 10 - Rebalance Your Portfolio
Part 11 - Reinvest Dividends & Interest
Part 12 - Best Trading Strategy

1. What is an ETF

Imagine a box filled with hundreds of stocks. And buying this entire box is much cheaper than buying the stocks separately. This is essentially what an ETF is. Now why is it called an Exchange Traded Fund? It is a "fund" because it contains many investments inside. And it is "exchange traded" because you can buy it from the stock exchange.

Let's take a look at an example. This ETF is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange, and its symbol is VFV. This does not stand for anything. It is just a special symbol to identify this ETF on the stock exchange. Anyway, this ETF contains 500 of the largest companies in the United States, such as Microsoft, Google, Visa, Disney, and Walmart. And the price to purchase one unit of this ETF is around $100. This is amazing when you consider that Google's stock price is around $2,800.

This ETF lets you buy all 500 companies even if you do not have a million dollars. To illustrate, if you only had $3,000 of savings, you could still buy 30 units of this ETF, which would invest your money in those 500 companies.

In contrast, you would be putting your money at risk if you bought the companies separately. For example, you would have to spend $2,800 if you wanted to buy Google's stock. This would be a bad idea because you would be risking almost your entire savings in just one company. It would be better to purchase an ETF because it would spread your investment across hundreds of stocks.

Congratulations for completing the first part of our guide. You are now one step closer to investing like a pro. Continue your journey by reading the next part – How do ETFs work.​

2. How do ETFs work

How is the price of an ETF lower than the cost of all the companies contained inside? Let's explain this with an analogy. Imagine someone buying 500 eggs from the farmers' market. Next, they place the eggs into a large box and then divide it into millions of smaller boxes. Each of these small boxes can now be purchased by customers at an affordable price.

The example ETF from the previous part of our guide went through the same process. Vanguard was the money manager that bought the stocks of 500 companies from the stock market. They placed the stocks into a fund and then divided it into millions of units. Each of these units can now be purchased by investors at an affordable price.

The value of each unit moves equally with the value of the fund. In other words, if the large box grew 10%, then your small box would also grow 10%. Therefore buying this ETF provides the same results as buying the stocks of all 500 companies.

To keep things simple, we have ignored the management fee that Vanguard charges for investing in their ETF. They charge a fee of 0.08% every year from their ETF. For example, if the large box grows 10% this year, then your small box will grow 9.92%. Overall this fee is very reasonable when you consider the number of companies that you are investing in.

Give yourself a round of applause for finishing the second part of our guide. You are making great progress and will be investing like a pro in no time. Continue your journey by reading the next part – Why Invest in ETFs.

3. Why Invest in ETFs

The Vanguard ETF contains 500 of the largest companies in the United States. You may be wondering why 500 companies. The answer is famously known as the S&P 500 Index.

The S&P 500 Index shows the performance of the U.S. stock market. It combines the stock prices of 500 companies into one large number. That number is reported on the news as it changes during each business day. It is a fast way of seeing how the stock market is performing. To illustrate, if the S&P 500 Index increased today, then you could see that the U.S. stock market went up today.

The S&P 500 Index is market-capitalization-weighted. This means that it simply combines all the companies based on the size of each company. For instance, Microsoft makes up 4% of the U.S. stock market. Therefore a weight of 4% is given to Microsoft's stock. If the S&P 500 Index were a pie chart, then Microsoft would make up 4% of that pie. Google would make up 3%, Visa would make up 1%, Disney would make up 1%, Walmart would make up 0.5%, and so on.

The Vanguard ETF copies the S&P 500 Index by using the same weights for those 500 companies. If you bought this ETF, then 4% of your money would be invested in Microsoft, 3% would be invested in Google, 1% would be invested in Visa, 1% would be invested in Disney, 0.5% would be invested in Walmart, and so on until all your money is invested in all 500 companies.

As a result, investing in this ETF is the same as investing in the S&P 500 Index. This is important because many investment managers cannot beat that index. For example, they would invest in a small group of companies that they believe would perform better than the S&P 500 Index. And they would charge a high management fee. Unfortunately most of these managers have performed worse than the S&P 500 Index according to studies* done by Morningstar, a well-known investment research organization.

The results of those studies also apply to other indexes. Therefore you should invest in the index because most investors cannot outperform it.

Excellent. You deserve a break for completing the third part of our guide. With this level of knowledge, you are on your way to investing like a pro. Continue your journey by reading the next part – How to Buy ETFs.

* Johnson, B., CFA, & Bryan, A. Morningstar's Active/Passive Barometer. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.morningstar.com

4. How to Buy ETFs

To invest in ETFs, you need a self-directed investing account. Self-directed means that you control your investments. This account can be opened at any large bank in Canada. For example, you can open one with RBC Direct Investing, TD Direct Investing, Scotia iTrade, BMO InvestorLine, or CIBC Investor's Edge.

There are different types of accounts to choose when you open a self-directed investing account. We recommend the Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA). You can hold ETFs inside and let it grow without having to pay taxes. Furthermore, most banks charge a $100 annual fee when there is less than $15,000 in this account. Fortunately some banks do not charge any annual fee, such as CIBC Investor's Edge.

Once this account is opened, you can start to invest in ETFs. Let's imagine that you have $1,000 cash in your TFSA with CIBC Investor's Edge. And you want to invest $300 in the Vanguard ETF. Before we explain the steps to buy an ETF, make sure that the Toronto Stock Exchange is open. It is open on business days from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. When the stock exchange is open, you can follow the steps below.

First, log in to your account and click on Trading. You will now see a page with some empty fields for you to fill in. Let's start in the Symbol field by typing in VFV (this symbol was introduced in the first part of our guide). In the Market field, select Canadian because you are buying from the Toronto Stock Exchange.

You will now see information about the price for this ETF. You can also see that its full name is the "Vanguard S&P 500 Index ETF". Anyway, the Ask price is what you are looking for. This is the current market price to buy one unit of this ETF. Let's assume that the price is $100 to keep things simple.

You want to invest $300 in this ETF. Thus you need to buy 3 units. In the Action field, select Buy. In the Quantity field, type in 3. In the Order Price Type field, select Market because you want to buy this ETF at the current market price. In the Order Expiry field, select Day because you want to buy this ETF today. When all this is done, click the Next button to review your order.

You will now see that the Trade Value is $300. In addition, you have to pay a $7 commission each time you buy or sell an investment. Therefore you can see that the Commission is $7. This brings the total cost to $307. When you are done reviewing your order, type in your trading password and click the Submit Order button.

Once you have submitted your order, you can click the View Order Status button. When you see that your order is Filled, then you have successfully invested in the Vanguard S&P 500 Index ETF.

Congratulations for finishing the fourth part of our guide. You have gained an impressive amount of knowledge and skills, but this is not the end of your journey. There are hundreds of ETFs for you to choose from. Some ETFs contain stocks, while others contain bonds. But what are stocks and bonds? Which ETFs should you buy? And how much should you invest in each?

To give you a hint, you only need three ETFs. And one of them has been mentioned already. You are destined to invest like a pro when you find out what the other two ETFs are. Continue your journey by reading the next part – What are Stocks and Bonds.

5. What are Stocks and Bonds

Imagine an island with your name on it. This island is your paradise, and the only way to reach it is to sail a ship. Before you start your voyage, you need to decide which ship to take. You can choose a speedboat or a giant cargo ship. They both have enough fuel to reach your island. Which one should you take?

The speedboat may reach your island faster, but it can sink during a storm. On the other hand, the giant cargo ship can survive a storm, but it moves very slow. Which ship is the right choice? The answer is both.

Let's relate everything back to investments to explain this answer. Your paradise island is like your retirement goal. If you want to reach it, then you need to invest in stocks and bonds. But what are stocks and bonds?

Stocks are like the speedboat. They can go up very quickly when the economy is stable. But during a storm, they can go down just as fast. On the other hand, bonds are like the giant cargo ship. They can stay up during a storm. But when the economy is stable, they can fall behind stocks.

As a result, stocks and bonds tend to move in opposite directions. When stocks go up, bonds go down. And when stocks go down, bonds go up. It is important to invest in both to create a smooth ride to your retirement goal. And this is why choosing both ships is the right choice. Now let's explain what stocks and bonds really are.

Stocks are shares of ownership in a company. For example, if you bought Microsoft's stock, then you would own a share of the company. Its stock will move up or down depending on how well Microsoft performs. Now let's talk about bonds.

Bonds are loans to a company or government. Thus there are two types of bonds. They are corporate bonds and government bonds. For example, if you bought Microsoft's corporate bond, then you would be lending money to Microsoft. And if you bought Canada's government bond, then you would be lending money to the Canadian government. You would be paid interest in the meantime for letting them borrow your money.

Overall, stocks and bonds have different levels of risk. Stocks have the highest risk because the company may not be successful in the future. Its stock would go down to zero if the company went bankrupt.

In contrast, corporate bonds have less risk because the company promises to return your money. If they went bankrupt, they would sell their property to pay back your bonds. And finally, government bonds have the lowest risk because the government can collect taxes to repay your bonds.

Wonderful. You have completed the fifth part of our guide. ​Now you have a solid understanding of stocks and bonds. But how much should you invest in each to create a smooth ride to your retirement goal? You will find out very soon. Once you do, you will be ready to invest like a pro. Continue your journey by reading the next part – Best Mix of Stocks and Bonds.

6. Best Mix of Stocks and Bonds

You know that both the speedboat and the giant cargo ship are needed to reach your paradise island. You can only sail one ship. So how can you take both? The answer is to build a new one by combining them together.

Your new ship needs to be fast and be strong enough to survive a storm during its voyage. It should have the right mix of both the speedboat and the giant cargo ship. To find the right mix, we need to compare it with the world's best ship. If your new ship can perform like the world's best ship, then you can be confident in reaching your island quickly and safely.

Now let's relate everything back to investments. Once again, stocks are like the speedboat, and bonds are like the giant cargo ship. And your investment portfolio is like your new ship. Your portfolio is your collection of investments. It should have the right mix of stocks and bonds. Thus you can be confident in reaching your retirement goal quickly and safely. But what is the right mix of stocks and bonds? To answer this, let's explain what the world's best ship is.

The world's best ship refers to the financial endowments of universities in the United States. Endowment is the money that schools use for investing. In other words, it is their investment portfolio. These endowments have performed very successfully. As a result, many people see them as the world's best investment portfolios. This is especially true for top schools such as Stanford University and Harvard University.

These endowments mix together many complex investments. But a complex portfolio does not mean that it will have the best performance. A simple portfolio with a mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds has performed as successfully as almost all endowments, according to research* done by Vanguard. This is because a simple portfolio charges a much lower management fee. Therefore the right mix of investments is 60% stocks and 40% bonds.

You deserve a reward for finishing the sixth part of our guide. Remember that you only need three ETFs in your portfolio. You have earned the right to know what those ETFs are. Finally it is time for you to invest like a pro. Continue your journey by reading the next part – Best ETFs to Buy.

* Wallick, D. W., Wimmer, B. R., CFA, & Balsamo, J. J. Assessing endowment performance: The enduring role of low-cost investing. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.vanguardcanada.ca

7. Best ETFs to Buy

You only need three ETFs in your investment portfolio. You already know that the first ETF has the symbol VFV. It contains 500 of the largest companies in the United States, such as Microsoft, Google, Visa, Disney, and Walmart. The name of this ETF is the "Vanguard S&P 500 Index ETF", and it has a management fee of 0.08%. So what are the other two ETFs? We will introduce them to you now.

The second ETF has the symbol VDU. It contains 4,000 of the largest companies in developed economies around the world. This includes companies in Canada, Europe, and Asia, such as Royal Bank of Canada, Nestle, Adidas, Samsung, and Toyota. This ETF does not contain any companies in the United States. Therefore it will not repeat your investment in the first ETF. The name of this ETF is the "Vanguard FTSE Developed All Cap ex U.S. Index ETF", and it has a management fee of 0.20%.

Finally the third ETF has the symbol VAB. It contains 1,000 investment-grade bonds in Canada. It includes mostly Canadian government bonds (federal, provincial, and municipal) and some Canadian corporate bonds. The name of this ETF is the "Vanguard Canadian Aggregate Bond Index ETF", and it has a management fee of 0.08%.

As you can see, all three ETFs have the phrase "Index ETF" in their names. Furthermore, they are all market-capitalization-weighted. Why is this important? Remember that most investors cannot outperform the index. Thus you should simply invest in the index. And these are the ETFs that let you do that.

You may wonder why all three ETFs are provided by Vanguard. This is because Vanguard charges the lowest expense compared with other ETF providers. ​For example, BMO and iShares have also created ETFs that invest in the S&P 500 Index. Their ETFs also contain 500 of the largest companies in the United States. Unfortunately they have a higher Management Expense Ratio (MER).

Great work for completing the seventh part of our guide. Now you know which ETFs are needed to create your simple portfolio. Very few people realize that investing like a pro means to keep their investments simple. Thus you have gained a remarkably rare skill. Before you apply this skill, you need to know how much to invest in each ETF. Continue your journey by reading the next part – Best Mix of ETFs.

8. Best Mix of ETFs

Remember that a simple portfolio, with a mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds, can perform like the world's best investment portfolios. Therefore you should make your portfolio simple too with the three ETFs that we have mentioned. But how much should you invest in each ETF to create that same mix of stocks and bonds?

Let's start with bonds. Of the three ETFs that we have discussed, only one of them contains bonds. This is the one with the symbol VAB. Thus 40% of your portfolio should be invested in this ETF to create that same bond mix.

Stocks should make up the other 60% of your portfolio. There are two ETFs remaining, and they both contain stocks. The one with the symbol VFV contains stocks in the United States. And the one with the symbol VDU contains stocks in the rest of the world. So how much should you invest in each?

Remember that a market-capitalization-weighted index simply combines all the companies based on the size of each company. Furthermore, most investors cannot outperform the index. Therefore you should follow this simple method as well. The U.S. stock market makes up about half of the global stock market. As a result, half of your stock mix should be invested in the United States, and the other half in the rest of the world.

Your investment portfolio should have 30% in VFV, 30% in VDU, and 40% in VAB. For example, if you have $1,000 to invest, then you should put $300 in VFV, $300 in VDU, and $400 in VAB.

This simple portfolio has an overall Management Expense Ratio (MER) of 0.12% every year. The MER includes the management fees and other expenses that Vanguard needs to operate its ETFs. For example, if you have $1,000 invested in this portfolio, then you will have to pay $1.20 every year to Vanguard.

This MER is very reasonable when you consider the number of investments that you have. In fact, your portfolio contains 4,500 of the largest companies in developed economies around the world. This includes companies in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. In addition, it contains 1,000 investment-grade corporate and government bonds in Canada.

Congratulations for finishing the eighth part of our guide. You have achieved something very important. Your simple portfolio only has three ETFs, but it is highly diversified and low cost. What this means is that you are finally investing like a pro.

Is this the end of your journey? Not yet. You have finished building your new ship. Now it is time to set sail for your paradise island. This will be a long voyage, and you will encounter storms that can drift you off course. Thus staying invested can be a challenge. Fortunately we will help you prepare for those storms. Continue your journey by reading the next part – Balanced Portfolio Performance.

9. Balanced Portfolio Performance

Your new ship is ready to set sail for your paradise island. This will be a long voyage, and you will encounter storms along the way. So you wonder how will your ship perform. It is difficult to predict the future, but we can look at how similar ships have performed in the past. Therefore we can get an idea of how your ship may perform in the future.

Now let's relate everything back to investments. You have finished creating your simple portfolio, which has a mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds. This mix provides a good balance between growth and safety. As a result, it will help create a smooth journey to your retirement goal. This is why your simple portfolio is also called a balanced portfolio. But how will it perform in the future?

The future is difficult to predict, but we can look at how balanced portfolios have performed in the past. Therefore we can get an idea of how your portfolio may perform in the future. Historically, a balanced portfolio has a 5% annualized return over the long-term. This is based on economic studies* done by TD Bank, one of the largest financial institutions in Canada.

A 5% annualized return may sound small, but you will be surprised by how much your money can grow over the long-term. Imagine that you invest $1,000 and let it grow 5% every year. After 10 years, you will have around $1,630. And after 20 years, you will have around $2,650. As you can see, 5% can make a big difference over the long-term.

In reality, a 5% annualized return does not mean your portfolio will grow exactly 5% every year. For example, during the financial crisis in 2008, your portfolio would have lost around 20%. But right after the crisis in 2009, it would have gained around 20%. Thus the actual return each year can be very different. So how did they come up with that 5% number? Let's answer this with an example.

Imagine that you had invested $1,000 in a balanced portfolio in the beginning of 2008. By the end of 2018, it would have grown to around $1,630. So how did it perform?

Over that 10-year period, your $1,000 grew to $1,630. A quick way to summarize that performance is to calculate the annualized return. In other words, how much does your portfolio need to grow each year, for 10 years, to reach $1,630? The answer is 5%. That number quickly shows the performance of your portfolio from 2008 to 2018. The actual return each year was very different, but overall it had a 5% annualized return. Now you understand how that number was determined.

Furthermore, that 5% annualized return would only have been achieved if you had stayed invested for the long-term, even during a crisis. For example, imagine that you had invested $1,000 in a balanced portfolio in the beginning of 2008. This was right before the financial crisis. If you had panicked and sold your investments during the crisis, then you would have ended with around $800, a loss of $200. And you would have missed the gains in the following years that would have recovered more than your loss.

There is one last question that you may have. During the crisis, your balanced portfolio would have lost around 20%. And then it would have gained around 20% in the following year. How is that considered a smooth journey? Let's compare it with a portfolio that has a mix of 100% stocks. During the crisis, that stock portfolio would have lost around 40%. And then it would have gained around 30% in the following year. As you can see, your balanced portfolio would have created a much smoother journey for you.

Fantastic. You have completed the ninth part of our guide. Now you know what to expect during your long voyage. And when you encounter a storm, you will be prepared to stay invested like a pro. Therefore you can expect a 5% annualized return from your portfolio over the long-term.

Staying invested is the best way to reach your retirement goal. But you need to make sure that your ship does not drift off course. How can you do this? Find out by reading the next part – Rebalance Your Portfolio.

* Burleton, D., Dolega, M., & Solovieva, M., CFA. U.S. Long-Term Financial Asset Returns: An Economic Perspective. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.td.com

10. Rebalance Your Portfolio

Your paradise island is far away. Fortunately you have a compass, and you know which direction it is in. You begin your journey by steering your new ship toward your island. This will be a long voyage, so your ship will drift off course over time. Therefore it is important to check your compass to see if you need to steer back in the right direction.

Now let's relate everything back to investments. Your balanced portfolio has a mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds. This mix will help create a smooth journey to your retirement goal. Remember that this mix can perform like the world's best investment portfolios. As a result, 60% stocks and 40% bonds is the right direction to your paradise island.

In addition, remember that stocks and bonds tend to move in opposite paths. When stocks go up, bonds go down. And when stocks go down, bonds go up. This will cause your portfolio's mix to drift off course over time. For example, imagine that you created your portfolio one year ago. Stocks went up and bonds went down this past year. Thus its mix might now be 70% stocks and 30% bonds.

Your portfolio has drifted off course, and it needs to be steered back in the right direction. How can you do this? You need to sell 10% of your portfolio from stocks. And then use that amount to buy bonds. This will bring it back to 60% stocks and 40% bonds. This process is called rebalancing your portfolio.

Now you may wonder, how often should you rebalance. And what will happen if you never rebalance? According to research* done by Vanguard, you should rebalance once a year. Otherwise your portfolio may significantly drift off course over time. Let's illustrate this by using the same example from the previous part of our guide.

Imagine that you had invested $1,000 in a balanced portfolio in the beginning of 2008. If you had rebalanced annually, then it would have grown to around $1,630 by the end of 2018. And if you had never rebalanced, then it would have grown to around $1,530 by the end of the same year.

As you can see, you would have ended with $100 more by rebalancing annually. That difference may seem small, but it can become very significant. If you had started with $3,000, then that difference would have been $300. And if you had started with $5,000, then that difference would have been $500. That is your money and every amount helps toward reaching your retirement goal.

Finally why does your portfolio grow larger when you rebalance it annually? The answer is simple. You are buying low and selling high.

To illustrate, let's look back at the example when your portfolio's mix changed to 70% stocks and 30% bonds. This was caused by stocks going up and bonds going down during the past year. Thus you rebalanced by selling some stocks and buying some bonds. Now imagine that another year passed by. This time bonds went up and stocks went down. Thus you would rebalance by selling some bonds and buying some stocks.

As you can see, you are essentially buying low and selling high when you rebalance your portfolio every year. This is why it will grow larger compared with one that is never rebalanced.

Excellent work for finishing the tenth part of our guide. Checking your compass once a year is enough to make sure your ship stays in the right direction. Therefore you do not need to worry about constantly steering your ship. This will help you stay invested like a pro and create a smooth journey to your retirement goal.

Your ship is heading in the right direction to your paradise island. Now you need to make sure that your ship does not slow down. How can you do this? Find out by reading the next part – Reinvest Dividends and Interest.

* Zilbering, Y., Jaconetti, C. M., CPA, CFP, & Kinniry Jr, F. M., CFA. Best practices for portfolio rebalancing. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.vanguardcanada.ca

11. Reinvest Dividends & Interest

You are sailing toward your paradise island. Unfortunately your ship will get heavier over time and start to slow down. You need to make sure your ship does not collect too much extra weight. Therefore you can reach your island more quickly.

Now let's relate everything back to investments. Your balanced portfolio has a mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds. When you invest in stocks and bonds, you will earn dividends and interest over time. Both of these earnings are paid in cash. Thus you will start to collect cash in your portfolio.

Unfortunately cash by itself does not grow. It just sits there like an extra weight slowing you down. If you want your portfolio to grow more, then you need to invest it back into stocks and bonds. In other words, you are reinvesting your cash. Therefore you can reach your retirement goal more quickly.

Let's take a look at an example. Imagine that you invest $1,000 in a balanced portfolio. And assume that your investments remain stable and earn 3% every year.

One year later, you earn $30 in cash. Now you have two choices. You can let it sit in your portfolio. Or you can invest it back into stocks and bonds. If you go with the first choice, then you will earn $30 next year. And if you go with the second choice, then you will earn $30.90 next year.

Why do you earn more after reinvesting your cash? Let's take a closer look at your portfolio. If you went with the first choice, your portfolio would contain $30 cash and $1,000 in investments. If you went with the second choice, it would contain $0 cash and $1,030 in investments. Remember that only your investments earn 3% every year, while your cash earns nothing. This is why you will earn $0.90 more next year after reinvesting.

That difference may seem small, but it can become very significant over the long-term. To illustrate, let's continue with the example above and assume that you reinvest your cash annually. After 10 years, your portfolio will grow $50 larger compared with one where you never reinvest. And after 20 years, it will grow $200 larger in comparison. As you can see, reinvesting can help your portfolio grow more over the long-term.

Well done. You have completed the eleventh part of our guide. When you reinvest your cash, you are staying fully invested like a pro. This will help keep your ship from slowing down. Therefore you can reach your paradise island more quickly.

Remember the three ETFs that we have mentioned? When you invest in those ETFs, you will earn cash almost every month. Does this mean you need to reinvest every month? Find out by reading the next part – Best Trading Strategy.

12. Best Trading Strategy

You have to pay a commission each time you buy or sell an investment. Most banks charge a $10 commission for each trade. For example, if you want to buy the three ETFs that we have mentioned, then you need to place three trades. Thus you have to pay $30 in commissions.

You also need to trade when you rebalance your portfolio, reinvest your cash, or invest your extra savings. As a result, commissions can become expensive. Fortunately there is a way to reduce the number of trades that you need to make. The answer is to combine these transactions and rebalance once a year. Let's illustrate this with a detailed example.

Imagine that it is the beginning of 2008. And you have just invested $1,000 in a balanced portfolio, which has a mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds. One year later, during the financial crisis, your portfolio goes down to $825. It now contains $400 in stocks, $400 in bonds, and $25 in cash.

Your portfolio's mix has changed to around 50% stocks and 50% bonds. Thus you need to rebalance it. You have also earned $25 from your investments. Thus you need to reinvest that cash as well. And finally, imagine you have $175 of extra savings that you want to invest.

Your portfolio now contains $400 in stocks, $400 in bonds, and $200 in cash. Its mix is now 40% stocks, 40% bonds, and 20% cash.

To rebalance it, you need to invest that $200 into stocks. This will bring your portfolio's mix back to 60% stocks and 40% bonds. Remember that your stock mix is divided equally between two ETFs. These ETFs have the symbols VFV and VDU. Therefore you need to place two trades to invest $100 in each of these ETFs.

With just two trades, you have rebalanced your portfolio, reinvested your cash, and invested your extra savings. As a result, you have reduced the number of trades that you need to make by combining these transactions and rebalancing once a year.

Congratulations for finishing the last part of our guide. You have finally gained the knowledge and skills to invest like a pro. This may be the end of your journey, but our guide will always be here to help you. Therefore you can reach your retirement goal with confidence over the long-term. And one day, you can look back at this voyage on your paradise island.